The foreign exchange (currency or forex or FX) market exists wherever one currency is traded for another. It is by far the largest market in the world, in terms of cash value traded, and includes trading between large banks, central banks, currency speculators, multinational corporations, governments, and other financial markets and institutions. Retail traders (small speculators) are a small part of this market. They may only participate indirectly through brokers or banks and may be targets of forex scams.

Market Size and Liquidity

The foreign exchange market is unique because of:

• its trading volume,
• the extreme liquidity of the market,
• the large number of, and variety of, traders in the market,
• its geographical dispersion,
• its long trading hours – 24 hours a day (except on weekends).
• the variety of factors that affect exchange rates,

Average daily international foreign exchange trading volume was $1.9 trillion in April 2004 according to the BIS study Triennial Central Bank Survey 2004

• $600 billion spot
• $1,300 billion in derivatives, ie
  • $200 billion in outright forwards
  • $1,000 billion in forex swaps
  • $100 billion in FX options.

Exchange-traded forex futures contracts were introduced in 1972 at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and are actively traded relative to most other futures contracts. Forex futures volume has grown rapidly in recent years, but only accounts for about 7% of the total foreign exchange market volume, according to The Wall Street Journal Europe (5/5/06, p. 20).

The ten most active traders account for almost 73% of trading volume, according to The Wall Street Journal Europe, (2/9/06 p. 20). These large international banks continually provide the market with both bid (buy) and ask (sell) prices. The bid/ask spread is the difference between the price at which a bank or market maker will sell (”ask”, or “offer”) and the price at which a market-maker will buy (”bid”) from a wholesale customer. This spread is minimal for actively traded pairs of currencies, usually only 1-3 pips. For example, the bid/ask quote of EUR/USD might be 1.2200/1.2203. Minimum trading size for most deals is usually $1,000,000.

These spreads might not apply to retail customers at banks, which will routinely mark up the difference to say 1.2100 / 1.2300 for transfers, or say 1.2000 / 1.2400 for banknotes or travelers’ cheques. Spot prices at market makers vary, but on EUR/USD are usually no more than 5 pips wide (i.e. 0.0005). Competition has greatly increased with pip spreads shrinking on the majors to as little as 1 to 1.5 pips.

Trading Characteristics

There is no single unified foreign exchange market. Due to the over-the-counter (OTC) nature of currency markets, there are rather a number of interconnected marketplaces, where different currency instruments are traded. This implies that there is no such thing as a single dollar rate – but rather a number of different rates (prices), depending on what bank or market maker is trading. In practice the rates are often very close, otherwise they could be exploited by arbitrageurs.

The main trading centers are in London, New York, and Tokyo, but banks throughout the world participate. As the Asian trading session ends, the European session begins, then the US session, and then the Asian begin in their turns. Traders can react to news when it breaks, rather than waiting for the market to open.

There is little or no ‘inside information’ in the foreign exchange markets. Exchange rate fluctuations are usually caused by actual monetary flows as well as by expectations of changes in monetary flows caused by changes in GDP growth, inflation, interest rates, budget and trade deficits or surpluses, and other macroeconomic conditions. Major news is released publicly, often on scheduled dates, so many people have access to the same news at the same time. However, the large banks have an important advantage; they can see their customers order flow. Trading legend Richard Dennis has accused central bankers of leaking information to hedge funds. [1]

Currencies are traded against one another. Each pair of currencies thus constitutes an individual product and is traditionally noted XXX/YYY, where YYY is the ISO 4217 international three-letter code of the currency into which the price of one unit of XXX currency is expressed. For instance, EUR/USD is the price of the euro expressed in US dollars, as in 1 euro = 1.2045 dollar.

On the spot market, according to the BIS study, the most heavily traded products were:

• EUR/USD – 28 %
• USD/JPY – 17 %
• GBP/USD (also called cable) – 14 %

and the US currency was involved in 89% of transactions, followed by the euro (37%), the yen (20%) and sterling (17%). (Note that volume percentages should add up to 200% – 100% for all the sellers, and 100% for all the buyers). Although trading in the euro has grown considerably since the currency’s creation in January 1999, the foreign exchange market is thus still largely dollar-centered. For instance, trading the euro versus a non-European currency ZZZ will usually involve two trades: EUR/USD and USD/ZZZ. The only exception to this is EUR/JPY, which is an established traded currency pair in the interbank spot market.

Market Participants

According to the BIS study Triennial Central Bank Survey 2004

• 53% of transactions were strictly interdealer (ie interbank);
• 33% involved a dealer (ie a bank) and a fund manager or some other non-bank financial institution;
• and only 14% were between a dealer and a non-financial company.

Banks

The interbank market caters for both the majority of commercial turnover and large amounts of speculative trading every day. A large bank may trade billions of dollars daily. Some of this trading is undertaken on behalf of customers, but much is conducted by proprietary desks, trading for the bank’s own account.

Until recently, foreign exchange brokers did large amounts of business, facilitating interbank trading and matching anonymous counterparts for small fees. Today, however, much of this business has moved on to more efficient electronic systems, such as EBS, Reuters Dealing 3000 Matching (D2), the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, Bloomberg and TradeBook(R). The broker squawk box lets traders listen in on ongoing interbank trading and is heard in most trading rooms, but turnover is noticeably smaller than just a few years ago.

Commercial Companies

An important part of this market comes from the financial activities of companies seeking foreign exchange to pay for goods or services. Commercial companies often trade fairly small amounts compared to those of banks or speculators, and their trades often have little short term impact on market rates. Nevertheless, trade flows are an important factor in the long-term direction of a currency’s exchange rate. Some multinational companies can have an unpredictable impact when very large positions are covered due to exposures that are not widely known by other market participants.

Central Banks

National central banks play an important role in the foreign exchange markets. They try to control the money supply, inflation, and/or interest rates and often have official or unofficial target rates for their currencies. They can use their often substantial foreign exchange reserves, to stabilize the market. Milton Friedman argued that the best stabilization strategy would be for central banks to buy when the exchange rate is too low, and to sell when the rate is too high – that is, to trade for a profit. Nevertheless, central banks do not go bankrupt if they make large losses, like other traders would, and there is no convincing evidence that they do make a profit trading.

The mere expectation or rumor of central bank intervention might be enough to stabilize a currency, but aggressive intervention might be used several times each year in countries with a dirty float currency regime. Central banks do not always achieve their objectives, however. The combined resources of the market can easily overwhelm any central bank. Several scenarios of this nature were seen in the 1992-93 ERM collapse, and in more recent times in South East Asia.

Investment Management Firms

Investment Management firms (who typically manage large accounts on behalf of customers such as pension funds, endowments etc.) use the Foreign exchange market to facilitate transactions in foreign securities. For example, an investment manager with an international equity portfolio will need to buy and sell foreign currencies in the spot market in order to pay for purchases of foreign equities. Since the forex transactions are secondary to the actual investment decision, they are not seen as speculative or aimed at profit-maximisation.

Some investment management firms also have more speculative specialist currency overlay units, which manage clients’ currency exposures with the aim of generating profits as well as limiting risk. The number of this type of specialist is quite small, their large assets under management (AUM) can lead to large trades.

Hedge Funds

Hedge funds, such as George Soros’s Quantum fund have gained a reputation for aggressive currency speculation since 1990. They control billions of dollars of equity and may borrow billions more, and thus may overwhelm intervention by central banks to support almost any currency, if the economic fundamentals are in the hedge funds’ favor.

We can make a closing stage from all above: depending on the Elliot waves’ behavior Friday determines the currency movement for the opening of the next week. If potential trend strength is very big and there was leap in trend on Friday, then on Monday correction or reverse or news wave in trend is expected. If on Friday money jumped against the trend, then this Friday movement will turn into correction or the first wave of reversed trend. If currency did not start its movement on Friday, it means we can expect the formation of movement on Monday or Tuesday.

One more Forex marketplace peculiarity is analysis of news calendar for the next week. Events which can influence trend’s mood and all corrections should be pointed out. There is also normal which was noticed by A. Elder – you should pay attention to the gap which appears at midnight to Monday – whether currency pairs of allies opened up or down and what supervision cash will move after that at Asian trading session – as a rule, the same direction currency will move the next week.

To earn at Forex market, you should understand that intraday trend does not exist by itself. The main conclusion which should be made by a trader: money moves the main part of its distance before the news release and just a little movement can be noticed when news was officially confirmed in case it has justifies the prediction. To be right, agent should observe only two rules: 1) It is necessary to use strong movement during the whole week in direction of published news and 2) You should be ready for reverse if the news did no justify expectations.

Insta Forex forex broker brand belongs to the InstaTrade Corporation which unites investment organizations all over the world. The key line of activity is providing forex trading services to customers since 2007. Today we cooperate with residents of more than 50 countries. Every day more than 300 forex traders open accounts with InstaForex, investing their assets to the stock and currency markets. Regardless of deposit amount each customer receives professional service, on-time technical support. The full spectrum of services is provided to the customer.

At present it is very hard to ignore the detail that forex market is the world’s biggest financial market. Over the preceding few years, it has turn into the most popular market with trades amounting to more than USD 3 trillion each day. Usually referred as currency trading market, it always involves the combination of two currencies. For example- either you can buy Euro or sell US dollars, or you can buy and sale any other combination of globally standard currencies.

In current times, forex trading has gained enormous popularity and turned out to be a very profitable money making option. If we look at the present scenario, it can be accepted as one of the mainly potentially rewarding types of investments available in the global market. Though this form of trading involves great risks but the potential to earn profits are huge relative to initial capital investments. The major reason of growing recognition is its very low dealing costs, high leverage margin, 24 hours trading a day and high liquidity market. For example, with a $6000 account, you can make about $6000 per month.
Clearly it decidedly depends on the manner that you trade and the strategy you follow but good and experienced traders can double their money every month.

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Trade Forex Online: Factors to consider

Factors That Influence Forex Trading

The value of a country’s currency is influenced by a number of factors: The economics of the country, its trade deficit, political and social environment.

If the current government’s deficit increases, its currency’s value will fall. As the government decreases its deficit, the currency can begin to recover value and the exchange rate will become more favorable. The same relationship holds true with a country’s trade deficit. If the country imports more goods and services than it exports it will have a negative influence on the currency.

Inflation lessens the ability of a unit of currency to buy less and less, so the currency loses value. If the inflation becomes rampant the currency is valued less because it’s also viewed as unstable. As the rate of inflation begins to decline the currency begins to increase in value.

Politics and social changes can play havoc with the currency exchange rates. Changes in the regime that are viewed negatively can lower the value of the country’s currency in the short term and continue into the long term. If the present government makes decisions that are looked at negatively it can decrease the currency value as well. The opposite can happen. Current government officials can make policy changes that are viewed positively by the rest of the world and that can increase the value of the currency.

For the United States, interest rates and the price of oil can have a major impact on the value of the US dollar.

Interest rates effect how much it’s going to cost to borrow money and how much can be earned on investments. Historically if the US raises its interest rates it attracts foreign investors. Those investors have to sell their own currency in order to buy U.S. dollars to purchase treasury bonds. If the interest begins to drop, or the perception is that the rates won’t rise any more, investors may purchase Euros as an alternative investment which lowers the value of the US dollar.

The United States is dependent on foreign oil production. Many US industries are dependent on oil and an increase in the price of oil means an increase in their expenses and a drop in profits. In a similar way, a country’s dependency on oil influences how the country’s currency is valued and will be impacted by changes in oil prices. The US’s dependency on oil makes the dollar more sensitive to oil prices than countries who aren’t so dependent. As the price of oil increases the value of the dollar drops.